Alternate Fuel for Diesel Engine

Supervisor: Ms. Muazama Arshad
 Project Team: Sohaib Ashraf, Abdul Rehman, Rashid Mehmood, Tanveer ur Rehman

The New Generation Energy

Biodiesel has been gaining prominence in recent years. Clean and renewable, biodiesel has been touted as the answer to the issue of diminishing energy reserves.

Introduction

This project involves the study and investigation of waste vegetable oil as an alternative fuel for diesel engines. Edible oils, which are used for several times and become unsuitable for further human use, will be used to make a cheaper fuel. In addition, the performance of engine should not be compromised.

Description

Due to overwhelming prices of fossil fuel, there is a need to find an alternate source of energy for our machines. Keeping this in view, we have taken biodegradable fuel as an alternative for fossils fuel in future and compared its different characteristics with ordinary diesel including engine efficiencies as well.

Block Diagram

Conclusion

• Non-toxic and biodegradable
• Increases life of engine
• Burns cleaner
• Safer than petroleum fuels
• Utilizes waste products
• Reduces waste products
• Reduces harmful pollutants emitted into the air
• Reduces economic losses to our agricultural industry

CFD Modeling of NACA-2415 Airfoil

Supervisor: Mr. Bilal Khan
Project Team: Rub Nawaz Khalid (ME3-2003), M. Farooq Haider (ME3-2006), Bushra Naz (ME3-2012), Adnan Mehmood (ME3-2014)

Introduction

The Aerodynamic field offers excellent career opportunities for anyone who is related to Mechanical field and has the necessary educational background including extensive training the project on “Airfoil modeling and simulation” covers the modeling (Gambit) details, simulation procedure, measuring the coefficients and finding the lift, drag and moment on different Mach no and different Angle of Attacks.

Main Description

This is basically a theoretical project on CFD Software. The project has following three main phases,

• Pre-processing which includes geometry creation and mashing by using GAMBIT software.
• Solving by using FLUENT as solver we determined the required parameters like lift, drag and moments.
• Post processing includes the interpretation of the results and comparison with reference results.

Block Diagram

Green Sand Molds

Casting metal is a simple process - you melt the metal, pour it in a mold, and let it harden. But the mold has to withstand the heat and pressure of the metal while holding it's shape. It's not as simple as it looks.

Making the mold.

For no particular reason, I decided to cast a small wedge and some ingots. Here I've filled and rammed the drag, and sprinkled it with diatomaceous earth as a parting compound

Read more »

Free Mechanical Engineering Software

All the software listed in this section is Windows based.

CAD Software
CAD/CAM Software
Computational Fluid Dynamics
Finite Element Analysis Software
Dynamic Simulation Software
Thermal Analysis Software
Utility Programs
Assorted software

their is variety of softwares which a mechanical engineer can use to draw the any machine part and also analyse that part of the machines under several conditions...

Like in Pro Engineer software we can draw any 3D part drawing of any machine...
Similarly in Ansys software we can draw and also analyse the part.

Pro Engineer for drawing the 3D parts

Ansys used for Analysis

          

Governor In Mechanical Engineering

Fig 28 simplified Mechanical-Hydraulic Governor

Diesel engine speed is controlled solely by the amount of fuel injected into the engine by the injectors. Because a diesel engine is not self-speed-limiting, it requires not only a means of changing engine speed (throttle control) but also a means of maintaining the desired speed. The governor provides the engine with the feedback mechanism to change speed as needed and to maintain a speed once reached.

A governor is essentially a speed-sensitive device, designed to maintain a constant engine speed regardless of load variation. Since all governors used on diesel engines control engine speed through the regulation of the quantity of fuel delivered to the cylinders, these governors may be classified as speed-regulating governors. As with the engines themselves there are many types and variations of governors. In this module, only the common mechanical-hydraulic type governor will be reviewed.
The major function of the governor is determined by the application of the engine. In an engine that is required to come up and run at only a single speed regardless of load, the governor is called a constant-speed type governor. If the engine is manually controlled, or controlled by an outside device with engine speed being controlled over a range, the governor is called a variable speed type governor. If the engine governor is designed to keep the engine speed above a minimum and below a maximum, then the governor is a speed-limiting type. The last category of governor is the load limiting type. This type of governor limits fuel to ensure that the engine is not loaded above a specified limit. Note that many governors act to perform several of these functions simultaneously.

Operation of a Governor
The following is an explanation of the operation of a constant speed, hydraulically compensated governor using the Woodward brand governor as an example. The principles involved are common in any mechanical and hydraulic governor.

Read more »

Two Stroke Diesel Engine

The Two-Stroke Cycle
Like the four-stroke engine, the two-stroke engine must go through the same four events: intake, compression, power, and exhaust. But a two-stroke engine requires only two strokes of the piston to complete one full cycle. Therefore, it requires only one rotation of the crankshaft to complete a cycle. This means several events must occur during each stroke for all four events to be completed in two strokes, as opposed to the four-stroke engine where each stroke basically contains one event.

In a two-stroke engine the camshaft is geared so that it rotates at the same speed as the crankshaft (1:1). The following section will describe a two-stroke, supercharged, diesel engine having intake ports and exhaust valves with a 3.5-inch bore and 4-inch stroke with a 16:1 compression ratio, as it passes through one complete cycle. We will start on the exhaust stroke. All the timing marks given are generic and will vary from engine to engine.

Read more »

Engine Of a Car

How a Car Engine Works

A gasoline engine operates on the principle of combustion. A fuel/air mixture is pulled into a cylinder, the cylinder is then closed off and the piston is thrust upward to create compression. A spark is introduced to ignite the mixture to create combustion to thrust the piston downward in the engine block.

 

more detail here 

Bearings In Mechanical Engineering

Bearing 

         It is a mechanical device by which loads are transmitted through contacting surfaces 

         It is desired to minimize friction and wear

         Lubricant – material between surfaces that reduces friction and wear

         Any moving part of the machine has to be supported by a relatively stationary part which can be called bearing.

Types of bearings

       1) Sliding bearings (bushing, journal, sleeve)

       2) Rolling element bearings

       3) Fluid bearings.

       4) Magnetic bearings.

 Lubricants

        Oil – heavy petroleum distillate, animal oils, vegetable oils plus additives

        Grease – Used as a barrier to dirt and debris.  No circulation, thus no cooling or cleaning.

        Solid – graphite, Teflon

Mechanical Engine And Its Components

Study of the engine (petrol engine, diesel engine, rotary engine, stirling engine) is very important in Mechanical Engineering. It has a complete cource named as "IC ENGINES" which the student normally study in BSc Mechanical engineering in 6th or 7th semester.


These are the some pictures which explains you the Working of Engine and Its Different Parts


1.    working

2.       Components

 3.           Model

Differential Gear In Mechanical Auromobiles

Working of Differential Gear:

The differential has three jobs:  


•To aim the engine power at the wheels


•To act as the final gear reduction in the vehicle, slowing the rotational speed of the transmission one final time before it hits the wheels


•To transmit the power to the wheels while allowing them to rotate at different speeds.

Car Parts Hybrid Mechanical Technology and Simple Gasoline Engine

Parts Of the Hybrid and Normal Car


Hybrid Car:

Gasoline Engine:

 

Mechanical engineering

Drilling: Introduction

Drilling is easily the most common machining process. One estimate is that 75% of all metal-cutting material removed comes from drilling operations.

Drilling involves the creation of holes that are right circular cylinders. This is accomplished most typically by using a twist drill, something most readers will have seen before. The figure below illustrates a cross section of a hole being cut by a common twist drill:

The chips must exit through the flutes to the outside of the tool. As can be seen in the figure, the cutting front is embedded within the workpiece, making cooling difficult. The cutting area can be flooded, coolant spray mist can be applied, or coolant can be delivered through the drill bit shaft. For an overview of the chip-formation process, see the Chip Formation Section.



The characteristics of drilling that set it apart from other powered metal cutting operations are:

    * The chips must exit out of the hole created by the cutting.
    * Chip exit can cause problems when chips are large and/or continuous.
    * The drill can wander upon entrance and for deep holes.
    * For deep holes in large workpieces, coolant may need to be delivered through the drill shaft to the cutting front.
    * Of the powered metal cutting processes, drilling on a drill press is the most likely to be performed by someone who is not a machinist.



A view of the metal-cutting area of a drill press is shown below. The workpiece is held in place by a C-clamp since cutting forces can be quite large. It is dangerous to hold a workpiece by hand during drilling since cutting forces can unpredictably get quite large and wrench the part away. Wood is often used underneath the part so that the drill bit can overshoot without damaging the table. The table also has holes for drill overshoot as well as weight reduction. A three-jaw chuck is used since three points determine a circle in two dimensions. Four-jaw chucks are rarely seen since offset of the bit is not necessary. The next section contains illustrations of drill bit chucks. To get an idea of the differing configurations of three and four-jaw chucks, please see the equivalent lathe chucks.